※本記事は臨床チームと飼い主さん双方に役立つよう、診療メモ+配布文をひとつにまとめています。省略なしの実務版です。
要約
犬・猫の多中心型リンパ腫の治療設計と、消化器毒性・過敏反応・血管外漏出・CPA膀胱炎・脱毛など有害事象への具体的対策を、院内ルール化しやすい形で整理。
Point: 「予防が最善」を徹底(マロピタント・5-HT3拮抗薬・VCR日はモサプリド)/EVは“止めて吸う”+冷温罨法の使い分け/CPAは朝投与+利尿/L-Aspは初回前投与+60分観察。
1. 初期評価と治療方針
- ステージング:触診+FNA細胞診(±PARR)、胸部X線/CT、腹部エコー(肝・脾・腹腔LN)、CBC/生化学/尿。
- 心機能(DXR予定):ベースライン心エコー(FS等)を取得。累積ドキソルビシン180–240 mg/m²を上限目安。
- プロトコール:施設運用に合わせ UW-25/CHOP系 を基軸(導入期は週1、寛解後は間隔調整)。
- L-Asp:導入期の腫瘍量減少に有効。ただし過敏反応と膵炎注意(下記)。
2. 消化器毒性(総論と薬剤別)
- 犬:多剤併用化学療法でVCR時のGrade≥2 GI毒性 ≈50%。CPA 17.9%、DXR 8.1%。ヒトの催吐リスク分類と乖離→犬ではVCR注意。
- VCRと胃運動:健常犬0.75 mg/m²で3–4日目に胃運動低下。モサプリド2 mg/kg/日×5日で低下抑制&GI毒性減少。
3. 消化器毒性(猫の実データ)
- 12週多剤併用(L-Asp, VCR, CPA, DXR):食欲不振 75%(主にG1–2)/嘔吐 42%(主にG1)/下痢 13%(全てG1)。
- VCRの影響:別報で56%にGI毒性。COPでVCR→ビンブラスチン置換により同等効果でGI毒性軽減の示唆(消化器型で検討余地)。
4. 薬剤別の要点(クリニカルメモ)
- VCR:胃運動低下にモサプリド2 mg/kg/日×5日。
- DXR:GI毒性は相対的に少なめだが心毒性とEVに注意(累積量管理)。
- CPA:中等度GI毒性+無菌性出血性膀胱炎(SHC)あり(後述)。
- シスプラチン:猫は禁忌(致死的肺水腫)。急性嘔吐はマロピタント1 mg/kg皮下を30–60分前で抑制。
- ダカルバジン:高度催吐性。5-HT3拮抗薬前投与+点滴速度調整+メトクロ0.3 mg/kg皮下でGI毒性を軽微化。
- トセラニブ:3.25 mg/kg q48hで下痢46%/血便12.6%。2.4–2.9 mg/kgでも有効が示唆、重度GI毒性は少なめ。
- CCNU:骨髄抑制・肝酵素上昇が主。嘔吐3.2–12.5%、下痢1.7–8.3%(多くはG1–2)。
- ACNU:GI毒性は軽度(多くはG1)。Grade4好中球減少が課題。
5. L-アスパラギナーゼ(L-Asp)
- 過敏反応:頻度は犬5.6%/猫1.6%。投与後60分以内が大半。症状:嘔吐・下痢・浮腫・呼吸困難・不穏・低血圧・虚脱など。
- 運用:H1/H2±ステロイド前投与+院内で~1時間観察。発現時は即時中止→酸素・抗ヒスタミン・ステロイド±エピ。
- 膵炎:ヒト2–18%。獣医領域では稀。L-Asp+VCR同時投与でGI毒性↑→導入期の同時投与は推奨せず。
6. GI毒性の“予防が最善”プロトコル
- 予防:
- マロピタント:急性嘔吐リスク高い日は当日~4–5日 2 mg/kg PO SID。シスプラチン時は1 mg/kg SCを30–60分前。
- 5-HT3拮抗薬:反応残存時に追加(オンダンセトロン等)。
- 運動促進:VCR日からモサプリド(2 mg/kg/日×5日)。
- 逆流性食道炎対策:酸分泌抑制薬(H2ブロッカー/PPI)併用。
- 出現後:
- 即時嘔吐:マロピタント皮下 → 不十分なら5-HT3拮抗薬/メトクロを層状追加。
- 下痢(軽度):高消化性・低脂肪/繊維強化食+プロバイオティクス±メトロニダゾール/タイロシン。
- 重度・脱水:短期入院で補液・制吐・電解質是正。
- 鑑別:腸閉塞・膵炎・機械的閉塞の除外。
院内掲示用メモ :悪心/嘔吐→マロピタント(不十分ならオンダンセトロン/メトクロ)。軽度下痢→食事変更+抗菌薬(必要時)+プロバイオ。
7. 血管外漏出(EV)
- 組織障害性:強壊死性=アントラサイクリン(DXR)/中等=ビンカ・タキサン・シスプラチン/非刺激=L-Asp。
- 一次対応:①即時停止(針は抜かず)逆吸引→②マーキングと写真→③冷罨法:DXR、温罨法:ビンカ/タキサン→④解毒薬(DXR=デクスラゾキサン6h以内、ビンカ/タキサン=ヒアルロニダーゼ)→⑤疼痛管理・感染予防。
- 予防:前肢末梢は避け、短めの留置針、確実なリターン確認。側注禁止。緊急セット常備。
8. シクロホスファミド:無菌性出血性膀胱炎(SHC)
- 発症:投与後 数日~数週。血尿・頻尿・排尿痛。
- 予防:十分な利尿(点滴or飲水指導)、朝投与+頻回排尿、定期尿検査、症例によりメスナ。
- 対応:休薬+利尿・鎮痛・粘膜保護。重症はCPA中止→他剤へ。
9. 化学療法性脱毛
- 好発犬種:プードル系/ワイヤー系/一部テリア系。
- 経過:開始7–10日後に抜け始め、3–6か月で回復が一般的。
- ケア:保湿・防寒・トリミング連携。経過写真で不安軽減。
10. 飼い主さん向け配布文(そのまま渡せます)
- 治療の流れ:導入期は週1回来院(採血+診察)。寛解後は間隔調整。必要に応じ心エコー・腹部エコーを行います。
- よくある副作用:食欲低下・吐き気/下痢・元気低下・脱毛・点滴部の赤み。CPA期間は血尿・頻尿に注意。
- すぐ連絡:ぐったり、39.5℃以上の発熱、水も飲めない嘔吐・強い下痢、血便、呼吸が速い/苦しそう、血尿や排尿痛、注射部位の強い腫れ・熱感・滲出。
- 在宅ケア:少量頻回の食事と十分な飲水。投薬後30–60分は様子を見てください。
11. 院内運用チェックリスト
- 抗がん剤オーダー票(体表面積・直近検査・累積DXRの自動表示)
- アレルギー前投与セット(L-Asp/タキサン)
- EV一次対応カート(デクスラゾキサン、ヒアルロニダーゼ、冷温罨法資材、マーカー、撮影端末)
- GI毒性アルゴ(外来:マロピタント→5-HT3→運動促進、入院閾値の明文化)
- CPA利尿指示(朝投与・飲水量・散歩回数・尿検スケジュール)
- VCR日のモサプリド予防のルーチン化可否を科内で統一
12. 本記事に反映した誌面の要点(抜粋)
犬:VCR Grade≥2 GI≈50%/CPA 17.9%/DXR 8.1%。猫:12週多剤で食欲不振75%・嘔吐42%・下痢13%。VCR後3–4日の胃運動低下はモサプリドで抑制。L-Asp過敏反応は犬5.6%/猫1.6%(60分以内)。シスプラチンは猫禁忌、マロピタント前投与が有効。ダカルバジンは5-HT3前投与+速度調整+メトクロで軽減。トセラニブ下痢46%/血便12.6%、2.4–2.9 mg/kgでも有効示唆。CCNU/ACNUはGI軽~中等度、骨髄抑制が主。EVは薬剤別の冷温罨法+解毒薬を即応。CPA-SHCは利尿・朝投与・頻回排尿・定期尿検査±メスナ。脱毛は7–10日で始まり3–6か月で回復。
13. まとめ
- 治療強度を保ちつつQOLを守る鍵は「予防」:マロピタント、5-HT3、VCR日のモサプリド、CPAの利尿、EVの初期手技。
- 運用を“ルール化”:チェックリストと定型文で再現性を高め、情報を飼い主さんにも共有。
*This article is a full clinical note for our team and a handout source for owners. It is intentionally detailed and non-abridged.
Summary
This note整理es practical points for treating canine/feline multicentric lymphoma and for managing adverse events of antineoplastic drugs: gastrointestinal toxicity, hypersensitivity, extravasation, CPA-induced hemorrhagic cystitis, chemotherapy-induced alopecia, etc.
Key idea: focus on prevention – maropitant / 5-HT3 antagonists / mosapride after VCR, careful EV technique, CPA with forced diuresis, L-Asp with premedication and observation.
1. Initial evaluation & treatment strategy
- Staging: palpation and FNA cytology (±PARR), thoracic radiographs/CT, abdominal ultrasound (liver, spleen, abdominal LNs), CBC / biochemistry / urinalysis.
- Cardiac baseline (if DXR planned): echocardiography (e.g. FS). Keep cumulative doxorubicin dose around 180–240 mg/m² as a practical ceiling.
- Protocol selection: use a UW-25/CHOP-type protocol as the backbone, adapting schedule to hospital logistics (weekly in induction, then extended intervals in maintenance).
- L-Asparaginase (L-Asp): useful at induction for rapid debulking, but we must watch for hypersensitivity reactions and pancreatitis (see below).
2. Gastrointestinal toxicity – overview (dogs)
- Multidrug chemotherapy: in canine lymphoma, when common protocols are used, VCR is associated with Grade ≥2 GI toxicity in about 50% of dogs. For the same setting, CPA 17.9% and DXR 8.1%.
- Human antiemetic guidelines classify VCR as “minimal emetic risk” and CPA/DXR as “moderate”, but this canine data suggests we should pay particular attention to VCR-associated GI toxicity in dogs.
- VCR and gastric motility: in healthy dogs given 0.75 mg/m² VCR, gastric motility significantly decreased around days 3–4. Grade 1–2 GI signs (hyporexia, vomiting, diarrhea) developed in 4/5 dogs. When mosapride 2 mg/kg/day PO for 5 days was started after VCR, gastric motility remained normal and GI signs decreased.
3. Gastrointestinal toxicity – cats
- 12-week multidrug protocol (L-Asp, VCR, CPA, DXR; 26 cats): hyporexia in 75% (mostly Grade 1–2), vomiting in 42% (mostly Grade 1), diarrhea in 13% (all Grade 1).
- In that report, adverse events were analysed by timing (after L-Asp+VCR induction, after VCR, after CPA, after DXR) and no single drug clearly stood out as the “main culprit”.
- However, another study reported GI toxicity in 56% of cats receiving VCR. Replacing VCR with vinblastine in a COP-based protocol achieved similar efficacy with less GI toxicity, suggesting a possible option especially for alimentary lymphoma.
4. Drug-specific clinical notes
- Vincristine (VCR): concern is GI hypomotility and ileus. Consider mosapride 2 mg/kg/day PO for ~5 days starting on VCR day.
- Doxorubicin (DXR): comparatively modest GI toxicity; key issues are cardiotoxicity and extravasation.
- Cyclophosphamide (CPA): moderate GI toxicity plus risk of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (SHC) (see below).
- Cisplatin: platinum compound for various carcinomas and sarcomas. In cats it can cause dose-dependent fatal pulmonary edema → contraindicated in cats. In dogs it is a classic cause of acute vomiting: emesis usually starts within 6 hours and lasts 1–6 hours.
- Dacarbazine: used as rescue for lymphoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, melanoma. Typically causes nausea, vomiting and diarrhea; most clinical reports use 5-HT3 antagonists before infusion, slow infusion over several hours, and add metoclopramide 0.3 mg/kg SC if nausea occurs – this reduced GI toxicity to mild grades in the majority.
- Toceranib (Palladia): at 3.25 mg/kg q48h, diarrhoea in 46.0% and haematochezia in 12.6%. Later studies suggest 2.4–2.9 mg/kg can still be effective with fewer severe GI events (Grade ≥3 diarrhoea ~6.9%).
- CCNU (lomustine): main issues are myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity. Reported vomiting 3.2–12.5% and diarrhoea 1.7–8.3%, mostly Grade 1–2; Grade ≥3 GI toxicity is rare.
- ACNU (nimustine): injectable nitrosourea. In one study, 8 dogs: Grade 1 hyporexia in 3, Grade 1 vomiting in 3, Grade 1 diarrhoea in 1; no Grade ≥3 GI toxicity, but Grade 4 neutropenia in 3 dogs.
5. L-asparaginase (L-Asp)
- Mechanism: enzymatically converts L-asparagine to L-aspartate + ammonia, targeting lymphoid tumours that lack asparagine synthetase.
- Typical dose: usually 0.25–1 mg/kg, BID is mentioned for some regimens, but most lymphoma protocols use single injections at longer intervals.
- Hypersensitivity / anaphylaxis: reported frequency approx. 5.6% in dogs, 1.6% in cats. Clinical signs can include vomiting, diarrhoea, facial swelling, dyspnoea, restlessness, hypotension, collapse. Most reactions occur within 60 minutes after injection.
- Practical management: give L-Asp during daytime hours; consider premedication with H1/H2 antihistamines ± glucocorticoids; ask owners to stay in the clinic for ~1 hour after injection. If a reaction occurs → stop drug, maintain IV access, administer oxygen, antihistamine, corticosteroid, ± epinephrine depending on severity.
- Pancreatitis: in human data, incidence 2–18%. In veterinary medicine, pancreatitis associated with L-Asp is thought to be rare; prospective data are limited. A study using 52 dogs compared clinical signs and specific lipase concentrations before/after L-Asp. L-Asp alone did not significantly change lipase or clinical signs, but when L-Asp and VCR were given together during induction, GI toxicity increased and lipase tended to rise. → we avoid L-Asp+VCR on the same day when possible.
6. “Prevention first” approach to GI toxicity
- Pre-emptive antiemetic plan:
- Maropitant: for drugs with high risk of acute nausea/vomiting, give 2 mg/kg PO SID starting on chemo day and continue for 4–5 days. For cisplatin, 1 mg/kg SC 30–60 min before infusion works well.
- 5-HT3 antagonists (ondansetron, etc.): add when maropitant alone is insufficient, or with highly emetogenic regimens like dacarbazine.
- Prokinetics: consider mosapride 2 mg/kg/day orally for 5 days after VCR to counteract hypomotility.
- Acid suppression: H2 blockers or PPIs reduce risk of reflux oesophagitis in patients with frequent vomiting.
- When GI signs are already present:
- Acute vomiting: give maropitant SC first. If inadequate, layer on a 5-HT3 antagonist and/or metoclopramide.
- Mild diarrhoea: change to highly digestible, low-fat or fibre-enhanced diet, add probiotics, and consider oral antibiotics such as metronidazole or tylosin when indicated.
- Severe diarrhoea / dehydration: hospitalise for IV fluids, injectable antiemetics, electrolyte correction and monitoring.
- Always reassess differential diagnoses: intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, primary GI disease, etc., should not be overlooked.
Ward quick note
: Nausea/vomiting → maropitant; if not enough, add ondansetron and/or metoclopramide. Mild diarrhoea → diet change + probiotics ± oral antibiotics.
7. Extravasation (EV)
- Tissue toxicity categories: strongly vesicant (e.g. anthracyclines such as doxorubicin), moderate (vinca alkaloids, taxanes, cisplatin), non-vesicant/irritant (e.g. L-Asp).
- Immediate steps when EV occurs:
- Stop infusion immediately but do not remove the catheter/needle.
- Attempt to aspirate as much drug as possible through the catheter.
- Mark the margins of swelling/erythema and take photos.
- Cold packs for doxorubicin; warm packs for vinca alkaloids / taxanes to enhance dispersion (as per reference protocols).
- Antidotes: for DXR, use dexrazoxane IV within 6 hours if available. For vinca/taxane EV, hyaluronidase (multiple small SQ injections through and around the affected area) can help drug dispersion.
- Provide appropriate pain management and infection prophylaxis; monitor for necrosis and plan debridement if needed.
- Prevention: avoid distal small veins; use well-secured catheters with good blood return; never use side ports for vesicants; keep a dedicated EV kit ready.
8. Cyclophosphamide – sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (SHC)
- Clinical picture: haematuria, pollakiuria, stranguria, occurring days to weeks after CPA dosing.
- Prevention: encourage good diuresis (IV fluids or ample drinking), give CPA in the morning, encourage frequent voiding, schedule periodic urinalyses, and consider mesna in high-risk cases.
- Management: stop CPA, give analgesia, promote diuresis and mucosal protection; severe or recurrent cases should be switched to alternative alkylating agents.
9. Chemotherapy-induced alopecia
- Predisposed breeds: Poodles, some wire-haired and terrier breeds, certain double-coated dogs.
- Timeline: hair often starts to shed 7–10 days after starting chemotherapy; regrowth typically takes 3–6 months.
- Care: moisturising shampoos, skin protection, keeping patients warm, coordination with groomers; showing owners serial photos helps reduce anxiety.
10. Owner handout (ready-to-print text)
- Treatment schedule: during the first phase, visits are usually once a week for examination and blood tests. When the lymphoma is in remission, the interval can be gradually extended. We may add heart ultrasound or abdominal ultrasound when needed.
- Common side effects: decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, tiredness, hair loss, redness around the drip site. While your pet is on cyclophosphamide, please pay special attention to blood in the urine or frequent urination.
- Call us immediately if: your pet is very depressed, has a temperature above 39.5°C, cannot keep water down, has severe diarrhoea, bloody stool, visible blood in urine, difficulty or pain when urinating, laboured or very fast breathing, or if the injection site becomes very swollen, hot or discharging.
- Home care: offer small, frequent meals and fresh water at all times. After giving chemotherapy tablets or anti-cancer injections, please watch your pet carefully for the first 30–60 minutes.
11. Internal clinic checklist
- Chemotherapy order sheet including BSA, latest lab data, and cumulative doxorubicin dose.
- Premedication sets for drugs with high risk of hypersensitivity (L-Asp, taxanes, etc.).
- Extravasation cart with dexrazoxane, hyaluronidase, cold/warm packs, markers and camera device.
- GI toxicity algorithm for outpatients (stepwise: maropitant → 5-HT3 antagonist → prokinetic) and clear admission criteria.
- Written instructions for CPA dosing (morning dosing, water intake, walk frequency, urinalysis schedule).
- Policy decision on routine mosapride after VCR and L-Asp scheduling.
12. Key numerical data incorporated here
Dogs: VCR Grade ≥2 GI ≈50%, CPA 17.9%, DXR 8.1%.
Cats: 12-week multidrug protocol – hyporexia 75%, vomiting 42%, diarrhoea 13%.
VCR causes gastric hypomotility around days 3–4; mosapride prevents this in experimental data.
L-Asp hypersensitivity: 5.6% dogs / 1.6% cats, mostly within 60 minutes.
Cisplatin: acute vomiting controlled by maropitant premedication.
Dacarbazine: GI toxicity reduced with 5-HT3 antagonist pre-infusion + slow rate + metoclopramide.
Toceranib: diarrhoea 46% / haematochezia 12.6% at 3.25 mg/kg; 2.4–2.9 mg/kg may be sufficient with fewer severe events.
CCNU/ACNU: GI toxicity mostly Grade 1–2; myelosuppression is the main concern.
EV management depends on cold/warm compresses + antidotes.
CPA-SHC prevention relies on diuresis, morning dosing, frequent voiding, urinalysis, ± mesna.
Chemo-induced alopecia often begins at 7–10 days and regrows within 3–6 months.
13. Take-home message
- The key to preserving quality of life while keeping dose intensity is prevention: proactive use of maropitant and 5-HT3 antagonists, mosapride on VCR days, diuresis with CPA, and team training for EV.
- Standardise what we do: checklists, written protocols and shared owner handouts make our care more reproducible and easier to explain.
※本页是给医疗团队和主人共用的完整笔记,内容刻意没有省略。
概要
整理犬猫多中心型淋巴瘤化疗的要点,以及抗肿瘤药物不良反应的处理:胃肠毒性、过敏反应、血管外渗、CPA 引起的无菌性出血性膀胱炎、化疗性脱毛等,方便在院内形成统一流程。
重点:“预防优先”——马罗匹坦+5-HT3拮抗剂、VCR 后莫沙必利、EV 的标准化操作、CPA 的利尿管理、L-Asp 的预处理与观察。
1.初步评估与治疗方案
- 分期检查:体表淋巴结触诊+细针穿刺细胞学(±PARR)、胸部X线或CT、腹部超声(肝、脾、腹腔淋巴结)、全血细胞计数、生化、尿检。
- 心脏评估(计划使用多柔比星时):心脏超声(例如 FS)。临床上多以 累积多柔比星 180–240 mg/m² 作为上限参考。
- 方案选择:以 UW-25 / CHOP 系方案为主,根据医院情况安排诱导期每周一次,缓解后逐渐拉长间隔。
- L-天冬酰胺酶(L-Asp):诱导期可快速缩小肿瘤负荷,但需注意过敏反应和胰腺炎(见下文)。
2.胃肠毒性概况(犬)
- 多药联合化疗:在犬淋巴瘤化疗中,资料显示使用常见方案时,VCR 相关 Grade≥2 胃肠毒性约 50%,而 CPA 17.9%、DXR 8.1%。
- 人医指南中 VCR 被归为“极低催吐风险”,CPA/DXR 为“中等”,但犬的资料提示:临床上应特别注意与 VCR 相关的胃肠毒性。
- VCR 与胃蠕动:健康犬 0.75 mg/m² VCR 后,第 3–4 天胃运动明显下降,5 例中有 4 例出现 Grade 1–2 胃肠症状(食欲下降、呕吐、腹泻)。若从 VCR 当天起给予 莫沙必利 2 mg/kg/日 口服 5 天,则未见胃运动下降,胃肠症状发生率也下降。
3.胃肠毒性(猫)
- 12 周多药方案(L-Asp, VCR, CPA, DXR;26 例):食欲下降 75%(多为 G1–2),呕吐 42%(多为 G1),腹泻 13%(均为 G1)。
- 同一报告中按给药时点分析(诱导期 L-Asp+VCR、单独 VCR、CPA、DXR 之后),未发现某一药物单独导致胃肠毒性的趋势。
- 但另一研究报道,猫使用 VCR 时 56% 出现胃肠毒性;在 COP 方案中用长春碱替代长春新碱,可在疗效相近的前提下减轻胃肠毒性——尤其是消化道型淋巴瘤,可以考虑。
4.各药物的临床要点
- 长春新碱(VCR):主要问题是胃肠蠕动减弱、甚至麻痹性肠梗阻。可考虑在 VCR 日起使用 莫沙必利 2 mg/kg/日 口服 5 天。
- 多柔比星(DXR):胃肠毒性相对较轻,重点是心脏毒性与血管外渗管理。
- 环磷酰胺(CPA):中度胃肠毒性,并有无菌性出血性膀胱炎风险(见后)。
- 顺铂(Cisplatin):铂类药。猫可引起剂量相关的致死性肺水肿 → 猫禁用。在犬中是典型的急性催吐药物,给药后 6 小时内开始呕吐,可持续 1–6 小时。
- 达卡巴嗪(Dacarbazine):用于淋巴瘤救治、软组织肉瘤、黑色素瘤等。常见恶心、呕吐、腹泻,因此多在给药前应用 5-HT3 受体拮抗剂,静脉滴注 4–8 小时缓慢输入,如出现恶心再加用 甲氧氯普胺 0.3 mg/kg 皮下,这样大多数病例胃肠毒性仅为轻度。
- 托赛拉尼(Toceranib):3.25 mg/kg q48h 时,报道腹泻 46.0%、血便 12.6%。后续研究提示 2.4–2.9 mg/kg 也有疗效,且严重(Grade≥3)胃肠毒性较少。
- 洛莫司汀(CCNU):主要问题是骨髓抑制和肝毒性。呕吐 3.2–12.5%,腹泻 1.7–8.3%,多为 G1–2,G3 以上胃肠毒性罕见。
- 妮莫司汀(ACNU):注射用硝基脲类。某研究 8 例犬中,G1 食欲下降 3 例,G1 呕吐 3 例,G1 腹泻 1 例,未见 G3 以上胃肠毒性,但出现 G4 中性粒细胞减少 3 例。
5.L-天冬酰胺酶(L-Asp)
- 作用:将 L-天冬酰胺水解为 L-天冬氨酸和氨,对缺乏天冬酰胺合成酶的淋巴系统肿瘤细胞特别有效。
- 典型剂量:多采用单次注射方案(0.25–1 mg/kg),具体按各院方案执行。
- 过敏/过敏性休克:报道发生率约 犬 5.6%、猫 1.6%。症状包括呕吐、腹泻、颜面水肿、呼吸困难、不安、低血压、虚脱等,多在给药后 60 分钟内 发生。
- 实际操作:尽量安排在白天给药;预先使用 H1/H2 受体拮抗剂 ± 糖皮质激素 作为预处理;注射后请主人在院内观察约 1 小时。如出现反应 → 立即停药,维持静脉通路,给予氧气、抗组胺、激素 ± 肾上腺素等。
- 胰腺炎:人医发生率 2–18%。兽医领域认为相对少见,前瞻性资料有限。52 例犬的研究中,单独使用 L-Asp 前后胰腺特异性脂肪酶和临床症状无显著差异;但在多中心型淋巴瘤诱导期L-Asp 与 VCR 同时使用时,胃肠毒性发生率上升,脂肪酶有升高趋势 → 临床上尽量避免 L-Asp 与 VCR 同日给药。
6.“预防优先”的胃肠毒性管理
- 预防性止吐方案:
- 马罗匹坦(Maropitant):对胃肠毒性风险较高的药物,可从化疗当日开始给予 2 mg/kg 口服 每日一次,持续 4–5 天。使用顺铂时,可在输注前 30–60 分钟皮下注射 1 mg/kg。
- 5-HT3 受体拮抗剂:如昂丹司琼等,在马罗匹坦效果不足或高度催吐方案(如达卡巴嗪)中联合使用。
- 促动力药:VCR 相关的胃肠蠕动下降,可考虑 莫沙必利 2 mg/kg/日 口服 5 天。
- 抑酸药物:H2 受体拮抗剂或 PPI,可降低频繁呕吐导致的反流性食管炎风险。
- 已经出现症状时:
- 急性呕吐:优先皮下注射马罗匹坦,如效果不佳再加用 5-HT3 拮抗剂和/或甲氧氯普胺。
- 轻度腹泻:更换为高消化率、低脂肪或高纤维处方粮,联合益生菌,必要时加用口服甲硝唑或泰乐菌素等。
- 重度腹泻或脱水:住院补液、注射止吐药、电解质纠正和监测。
- 鉴别诊断:注意排除肠梗阻、胰腺炎、原发性肠道疾病等其他原因。
病房小贴士
:恶心/呕吐 → 先用 马罗匹坦,不够再加 昂丹司琼等 5-HT3 拮抗剂+甲氧氯普胺。轻度腹泻 → 换处方粮+益生菌 ± 口服抗生素。
7.血管外渗(Extravasation, EV)
- 按组织毒性分级:强致坏死药物(如蒽环类 DXR)、中等(长春类、紫杉类、顺铂等)、非刺激性或轻度刺激性(如 L-Asp)。
- 一旦发生 EV 的急救步骤:
- 立即停止输注,但不要拔出针或留置针。
- 通过针头尽量回抽药液。
- 标记红肿范围,拍照留档。
- 冷敷:蒽环类(如 DXR);热敷:长春类 / 紫杉类,以促进分散(按文献推荐)。
- 解毒药:DXR 外渗可在 6 小时内静脉用德拉唑酮(dexrazoxane);长春类/紫杉类可用 透明质酸酶(多点皮下注射)。
- 同时进行镇痛、预防感染,监测是否需要后续清创或植皮等处理。
- 预防要点:避免远端细小静脉,使用回血良好的留置针,固定可靠;对致坏死药物避免三通侧孔给药;准备好 EV 应急包。
8.环磷酰胺导致的无菌性出血性膀胱炎
- 临床表现:血尿、尿频、排尿疼痛,多在给药后数日~数周出现。
- 预防:强调利尿(住院静脉补液或增加饮水)、早上给药+多次排尿、定期尿检,对高危病例可考虑使用 美司纳(Mesna)。
- 处理:停用 CPA,给予镇痛、利尿和膀胱黏膜保护,严重或复发病例改用其它烷化剂。
9.化疗诱导性脱毛
- 好发犬种:贵宾犬、部分硬毛犬、梗类及部分双层被毛犬。
- 时间线:开始化疗后约 7–10 天 开始明显掉毛,通常 3–6 个月 内逐渐长回。
- 护理:保湿洗护、保暖、与美容师沟通;用照片记录“病前-治疗中-恢复”的过程,能明显减轻主人的不安。
10.给主人的说明(可直接打印)
- 治疗节奏:诱导期一般每周一次来院(体检+血液检查),病情稳定后逐步拉开间隔。需要时会安排心脏超声和腹部超声。
- 常见副作用:食欲下降、恶心/呕吐、腹泻、精神差、掉毛、点滴部位发红等。使用环磷酰胺期间请特别留意血尿和尿频。
- 请立刻联系医院的情况:明显萎靡、体温超过 39.5℃、连水都喝不进去的频繁呕吐、严重腹泻、血便、看到血尿或排尿疼痛、呼吸急促或感觉很费力、注射部位明显肿胀发热或渗液等。
- 在家护理:少量多餐,随时提供干净饮水。化疗当日给药后请在家中密切观察 30–60 分钟。
11.院内运行检查表
- 化疗医嘱单:自动显示体表面积、最近化验结果、累积多柔比星剂量。
- 高风险药物(L-Asp、紫杉类等)的预处理药盒。
- EV 应急推车:德拉唑酮、透明质酸酶、冷/热敷物品、标记笔和拍照设备。
- 门诊胃肠毒性流程图(马罗匹坦 → 5-HT3 拮抗剂 → 促动力药),以及住院指征的书面标准。
- CPA 给药指示:早上给药、饮水量、遛狗次数、尿检时间表。
- VCR 日莫沙必利预防给药、L-Asp 排程是否常规化的科内统一意见。
12.文献中的关键数字(已纳入本文)
犬:VCR Grade≥2 胃肠毒性约 50%,CPA 17.9%,DXR 8.1%;
猫:12 周多药方案中,食欲下降 75%、呕吐 42%、腹泻 13%。
VCR 第 3–4 天胃蠕动下降,可通过 莫沙必利 预防。
L-Asp 过敏:犬 5.6%/猫 1.6%,多在 60 分钟内 发生。
顺铂相关呕吐可通过 马罗匹坦预处理 控制。
达卡巴嗪配合 5-HT3 拮抗剂+缓慢输注+甲氧氯普胺,可明显减轻胃肠毒性。
托赛拉尼 3.25 mg/kg 时 腹泻 46%/血便 12.6%,2.4–2.9 mg/kg 亦有疗效且重度事件更少。
CCNU/ACNU 胃肠毒性多为 G1–2,骨髓抑制才是主要问题。
EV 处理依赖于冷/热敷+解毒药。
CPA-SHC 预防重点是 利尿、早上给药、频繁排尿、定期尿检 ± 美司纳。
化疗性脱毛多在 7–10 天 出现,3–6 个月 内恢复。
13.小结
- 在保证剂量强度的前提下保护生活质量,关键在于“预防”:主动使用马罗匹坦和 5-HT3 拮抗剂、VCR 日莫沙必利、CPA 时注意利尿、规范 EV 处理。
- 把经验“制度化”:通过 checklist、标准流程和统一的主人说明书,让治疗更可复制、更好解释。